Microbiology Practice Exam 2025 - Free Microbiology Practice Questions and Study Guide

The correct identification of the pathogen that causes infections such as HIV is a virus. HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is a retrovirus that primarily attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4+ T cells. By infecting these cells, HIV impairs the body's ability to fight off infections and diseases, ultimately leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if left untreated.

Viruses, including HIV, are unique in their structure and replication methods, as they require a host cell to reproduce. They consist of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes a lipid envelope. This is distinctly different from bacteria, which are single-celled organisms that can survive independently, as well as fungi and parasites, which have different biological characteristics and modes of causing disease. Understanding the nature of viruses is crucial for developing treatments and preventative measures, such as antiretroviral therapy for HIV.